Freidman starts his presentation talking about how he got the idea of writing his book. After the big event of 9/11, he did some research in many places about how those people think of America. Once in India, he interviewed a man called Nandan. He said something to Friedman that made him think wonder it, which was “the global economic plain field has been leveled and you Americans are not ready”. Then he discovered that that man meant that world is becoming flat, and that is how he started his book. Then he makes an analogy between himself and Christopher Columbus. Columbus had to go west to get to India and he came up with the idea that the world is round. However, Friedman took east to get to India and he came up with that the world is flat.

Then, he explains the first chapter in his book and he divides globalizations into three eras. The first era is from 1492 till 1800s. The dynamic agent in this globalization era was countries and it converted the world from large to medium. The second era is from 1800s till 2000 which converted the world from medium to small, and the dynamic agent for this era companies. The last era is from 2000 and on which has converted the world from small to tiny and individuals are the dynamic agent of this era.

After that, he talks about the ten factors that made the world flat which he calls them “the flatteners”.  The first flattener is the fall of Berlin wall in 11/9/1989. This enabled the west and east communicated better. The second is the release of Netscape which enabled everyone uses the Internet for free. He called that “this brought the internet alive” because it was only for scientists and researchers before.  The next flattener is work flow which made possible for applications to be connected. This made easy and possible for people to work together from different places. These three created collaboration and other several things made this collaboration much easier which were: outsourcing, offshoring when China joined the world, open sourcing when Firefox and Linux were released, supply chining, insourcing and informing when Google was created and people could inform themselves by themselves. And the last flattener is the steroids which are wireless, voice over internet, file sharing, etc.

Finally, he explains the three convergences. The first convergence is when all the ten flatteners came working together and make everything in the world easier. After that, the businesses and everything in the world have had to horizetalize. This is a long process that continues for a long time. The last convergence is when China, India, and Russia began opening their economies to the world. He goes to the last chapter about the phenomena can be used. Now those tools are available for everyone, so they can be used for bad things and good things. He gives an example, and the example is an analysis between 9/11, the fall of the two trade tower in New York, and 11/9, the fall of Berlin Wall.

Now individuals are free and able to participate in the globalization very easily. Also because the world is flat, the next generation will be different from us. Also, governments and system affect the way countries participate in globalization. Some countries like Iraq, war has made so much effect. However, globalization cannot end wars and end the effect of geopolitics.